10 results
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... UNa > 20: • Renal ... Bicarbonaturia with renal ... or chronic renal ... #Algorithm #Causes
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hyponatremia:
1) Identification of onset (acute vs. chronic)
2) Presence of symptoms (HA,
Identification of onset (acute ... 2) Presence of symptoms ... (HA, nausea, confusion ... cardiac, liver, renal ... #Differential #Algorithm
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Kidney stones caused ... Inhibitors of Renal ... Renal #Excretion ... #Pharmacology #
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
vasoconstrictive • Acute ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... ophthalmology #diagnosis ... #signs #symptoms ... #complications
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
HYPOTENSION → renal ... vasoconstriction → decreased renal ... perfusion → renal ... Cast formation: Renal ... Loop diuretics for
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
lost via osmotic diuresis ... out of cells may cause ... patient has good renal ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis ... survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... , and possibly renal ... and progressive Acute ... #Management #Signs
Paget’s Disease: Complications
Abnormal Osteoclasts cause excessive bone turnover -> Incr bone resorption, Incr (abnormal) bone formation

MSK
Pathologic fractures Renal ... resorption, Incr renal ... PagetsDisease #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #complications
Ankylosing Spondylitis: Extra-articular Manifestations
 • Ocular - Inflammation of the iris, the anterior part of the
abnormalities • Renal ... - Inflammation acute ... #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications
GASTROINTESTINAL
 • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation
 • Recurrent vomiting exposes
hormone levels cause ... /Osteoporosis RENAL ... #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #psychiatry