1974 results
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
pernicious anemia) • G-CSF ... Medications Renal ... Losses Non-renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Management of Lupus Nephritis
Lupus nephritis (LN) in 10 to 40% of SLE
Hallmark = proteinuria 20.5 g/g
proteinuria 20.5 g/ ... g or 0.5 g/day → ... renal histological ... g by 12 months ... #rheumatology #nephrology
Albuminuria (Grades) and Risk for CKD
Normal to mildly increased albuminuria:
 - Albumin excretion rate: < 30
ratio: 30-300 mg/g ... ratio: >300 mg/g ... associated with worse renal ... protein: >3.5 g/ ... classification #CKD #nephrology
Algorithm for the Treatment of Membranous Lupus Nephritis
Sub-nephrotic-range proteinuria (<3.5g/d, normal serum albumin) and Preserved kidney
Immunosuppression to treat non-renal ... proteinuria > 1 g/ ... LN • MMF 2-3 g/ ... to treat extra-renal ... Treatment #management #nephrology
Renal involvement in 35% of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis 
Associated with : 
 • Absence of skin
Renal involvement ... proteinuria - 3.5 g/ ... TerrierBen #Renal ... Cryoglobulinemic #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
ratio < 15 mEq/g ... suggests extra-renal ... ratio > 15 mEq/g ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
• Penicillin G ... resistance Impaired Renal ... deficiency • Renal ... Type IV RTA • Renal ... potassium #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
• Penicillin G ... resistance Impaired Renal ... deficiency • Renal ... Type IV RTA • Renal ... potassium #high #nephrology
Scleroderma Renal Crisis - Diagnosis and management

Diaqnosis
 • De novo arterial hypertension of normotensive form +++
Scleroderma Renal ... Thrombocytopenia < 100 G/ ... nephrologist • Renal ... Diagnosis #management #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Metabolic acidosis: G ... salicylates) R Renal ... - Diarrhea - Renal ... acidosis/Chronic renal ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology