22 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... )-alkali syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hyperparathyroidism Genetic ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
vast majority of cases ... > Clearance of calcium ... mineralization of calcium ... Signs #Symptoms #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Paraffin-associated granuloma • Genetic ... : Williams syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
CPPD vs Gout

== CPPD == 

Think About CPPD When:
 • Self-limited synovitis after surgery/trauma (> 65
disease states Pathophysiology ... precipitates with calcium ... culture used to diagnose ... • Metabolic syndrome ... #rheumatology #Diagnosis
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... high WBC count cause ... : • Pathophysiology ... #TLS #diagnosis
Weight Gain / Obesity  - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased Expenditure:
 • Sedentary Lifestyle
 • Smoking Cessation
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Cushing's Syndrome ... Hypothalamic Obesity Genetic ... #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... hypocalcemia - Genetic ... Malabsorption syndrome ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential