15 results
Calcium Homeostasis

Serum Calcium - PTH - Vitamin D Regulation

#Calcium #Homeostasis #Pathophysiology #Autoregulation #VitaminD #PTH #Endocrinology
Serum Calcium ... - PTH - Vitamin ... #Homeostasis #Pathophysiology ... Autoregulation #VitaminD ... #PTH #Endocrinology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
Calcium homeostasis ... increase serum calcium ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology ... #Calcium #Homeostasis
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
, ↑Vitamin D, ↓Phosphate ... , ↓Vitamin D, ↑↓ ... , ↓Vitamin D, ↑Phosphate ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
due to increased Vitamin ... Paraffin-associated granuloma • Genetic ... : Williams syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #VitaminD ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia Workup - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Magnesium, High Magnesium - Functional Hypoparathyroidism
 • High
Hypoparathyroidism: Autoimmune, Genetic ... D resistance, Vitamin ... deficiency • Drugs: Calcium ... metastases, Hungry bone syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #calcium
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
hyperparathyroidism Genetic ... Other humoral syndromes ... Excess vitamin ... Ingested or topical vitamin ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Maternal uniparental disomy: inheriting 2 copies of maternal chromosome
Prader-Willi Syndrome ... =>Prader-Willi Syndrome ... delayed puberty -> Infertility ... #PraderWilli #Syndrome ... #genetics #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... )-alkali syndrome ... • Vitamin D intoxication ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
High PTH • Vitamin ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... • Hereditary Vitamin ... Activating Mutation in Calcium ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... hypercalcemia Vitamin ... • Excessive vitamin ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology