7 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Hypercalcemia ... histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... )-alkali syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Ketoacidosis (DKA ... Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome ... Polydipsia #dka ... #comparison #endocrinology
Pathophysiology of Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
Tumor Cell Lysis
-> Release of DNA
 • Purines -> Hypoxanthine /
Pathophysiology ... of Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... -> Release of DNA ... -> Allantoin (High ... urine pH) • Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Activating Mutation in Calcium ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Complications - Hypercalcemia ... Accumulation of calcium ... Incr Breakdown of DNA ... of abnormally high ... Hyperuricemia #Pathophysiology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
Epidemiology 1) High ... survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... • Heerfordt syndrome
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications
GASTROINTESTINAL
 • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation
 • Recurrent vomiting exposes
• Boerhaave syndrome ... Binging on foods high ... Calcium, VitD) and ... ) • Overall: hypokalemia ... Complications #pathophysiology