20 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... )-alkali syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Activation: Liver disease ... , Kidney Disease ... - Calcium Sequestration ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology ... #differential #
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
> Clearance of calcium ... mineralization of calcium ... and/or x-ray - CPPD ... #Disease #Signs ... #Symptoms #Pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Hepatobiliary Disease ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
CPPD vs Gout

== CPPD == 

Think About CPPD When:
 • Self-limited synovitis after surgery/trauma (> 65
CPPD vs Gout ... • Underlying disease ... states Pathophysiology ... precipitates with calcium ... • Metabolic syndrome
Joint Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Monoarthritis
 • Septic
 • Crystalline
     - Gout
Joint Disorders - Differential ... “Pseudogout” - Calcium ... arthritis - (Reiter’s syndrome ... should have other symptoms ... Disorders #msk #Differential
Pseudogout Summary - Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD)

Pathophysiology:
Pyrophosphate produced by chondrocytes likely precipitates with calcium to
Pseudogout Summary - Calcium ... (CPPD) Pathophysiology ... precipitates with calcium ... RA • Chronic calcium ... Crowned Dens Syndrome
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ... Cardiovascular disease ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Chondrocalcinosis: Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease

 - Acute CPPD precipitation into the joint space ->
Chondrocalcinosis: Calcium ... ) Deposition Disease ... - Acute CPPD ... #Disease #Signs ... #Symptoms #Pathophysiology