37 results
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
relative insulin deficiency ... primary anabolic hormone ... counterregulatory hormones ... #Pathophysiology ... DKA #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Adrenal Insufficiency - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
 • Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency
 • Adrenoleukodystrophy,
- Differential Diagnosis ... Isolated ACTH-deficiency ... Combined pituitary hormone ... deficiency Tertiary ... Workup #Algorithm #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... ) Parathyroid hormone–independent ... - Parathyroid hormone–related ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
- Parathyroid hormone ... - Vitamin D deficiency ... Hyperparathyroidism #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone ... (GH) Growth Hormone ... Symptoms: • GH deficiency ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
The principal endocrine 'axes' and glands. Parathyroid glands, adrenal zona glomerulosa and endocrine pancreas are not
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ... Endocrine #Axes #Endocrinology ... #Pathophysiology ... #Pathways #Diagnosis
Adrenal Incidentalomas: Hormone Evaluation
 • Zona Glomerulosa: Primary Hyperaldosteronism?
    - Aldosterone and renin
Incidentalomas: Hormone ... Fasciculata: Cushing Syndrome ... Adrenal #Tumors #Hormone ... #Evaluation #Diagnosis ... #workup #endocrinology
Weight Gain / Obesity  - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased Expenditure:
 • Sedentary Lifestyle
 • Smoking Cessation
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Cushing's Syndrome ... Hypogonadism • GH Deficiency ... Iatrogenic: • Drugs/Hormones ... #Algorithm #endocrinology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
- Differential Diagnosis ... Mineral corticoid deficiency ... , Salt-losing deficiency ... inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Hirsutism & Virilization - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADRENAL EXCESS
Ovarian
 • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
 • Hyperthecosis
 • Tumor
Adrenal
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Cushing's Syndrome ... Tumor Low Serum Hormone ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Algorithm #endocrinology