1672 results
Achalasia Summary

Epidemiology: 10 cases per 100,000 individuals

Defined by inadequate relaxation of the LES and aperistalsis
Primary or
diseases that cause ... Achalasia has an insidious ... Chagas disease) Clinical ... Three clinical features ... Achalasia #diagnosis #management
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Central diabetes insipidus ... Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Hypernatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Diabetes Insipidus Workup

Step #1 - Consider the history
Step #2 - Assess
Algorithm - Diabetes Insipidus ... Hypernatremia #Management ... Sodium #nephrology #insipidus
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
Central Diabetes Insipidus ... Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus ... neurogenic diabetes insipidus ... Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... #Diabetes #Insipidus
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Central Diabetes Insipidus ... Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Causes of Polyuria ... Central Diabetes Insipidus ... Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... kg • Diabetes Insipidus ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Enuresis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Nocturnal Enuresis (Urinary Control Never Achieved)
 • Delayed Maturation
Causes of Enuresis ... Other (Diabetes Insipidus ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypothalamus Anatomy and Hypothalamic Nuclei
 • Anterior hypothalamic nucleus - Body temperature, thermal regulation (heat dissipation),
oxytocin, destruction causes ... diabetes insipidus ... regulation, destruction causes