49 results
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification
Class I (Ia, Ib, Ic) - Na+ Channel Blockade
 • Slows depolarization
depolarization in fast AP ... depolarization in slow ... AP cells • Slows ... depolarization in slow ... AP cells • Slow
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification:
CLASS 1 - Sodium Channel Blockers:
 • MOA: Block fast Na+ channels
blocking effects and AP ... Action, ↑ EFR & AP ... Action, ↓ EFR & AP ... Action, ←→ EFR & AP ... phase 2 (↑ERP & ↑AP
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
blocking effects and AP ... Action, ↑ EFR & AP ... Action, ↓ EFR & AP ... Action, ←→ EFR & AP ... phase 2 (↑ERP & ↑AP
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Normal Acid-Base: Low ... Diarrhea) Renal Losses ... Ureterosigmoidoscopy • HTN, Low ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Renin-Secreting Tumor Low ... aldosteronism Low ... Renin, Low Aldosterone ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Beer Potomania - Low ... Hypovolemic - GI losses ... , renal losses, ... or other losses ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
Non-renal losses ... : • GI losses ... vomiting) • Low ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Low Anion Gap - Various causes and mechanisms of a Low Anion Gap
 • Hypoalbuminemia (1gm
Low Anion Gap - ... Various causes and ... mechanisms of a Low ... #AnionGap #causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Once pseudohypokalemia is ruled out, causes of hypokalemia can be
Causes of Hypokalemia ... is ruled out, causes ... filling of bucket (low ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #workup #nephrology
Hypophosphatemia Diagnostic Algorithm
- GI Losses
- Redistribution
- 1° HPT
- 1° Renal PO4 wasting: Hereditary, TIO, Fanconi Syndrome,
Algorithm - GI Losses ... Hypophosphatemia #phosphorus #low ... #differential #nephrology