mental pharmacology neurology syndrome symptoms chf hyponatremia potassium sodium high causes diagnosis treatment hyperkalemia medications diuresis

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Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
• Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
• Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract

• HTN, High Aldosterone ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology

Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
• Alkalosis
• ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation
• Erythropoiesis

anemia) • G-CSF ... • Refeeding syndrome ... Thyrotoxicosis Medications ... • Discontinued diuretic ... #low #potassium

Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the

Sodium loss (diuretics ... can be high or ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis

Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypokalemia
- Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment
-

- Insulin (high ... overdose) - Sodium ... Fanconi syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology #Causes

Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
• Glaucoma
• Epilepsy
• Altitude

• Diagnosis of ... ; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... • Hypercalcemia ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #

Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
• Lab error
• Traumatic venipuncture
• Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
•

• K sparing diuretics ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... Medications 2. ... #causes #potassium ... #high #nephrology

Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia:
• Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,

• Hypovolemia: Diuretics ... polydipsia • Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome ... #causes #nephrology ... #sodium #low

Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked

suggests extra-renal ... urinary losses: • High ... Alkalosis: Emesis, Diuretics ... #diagnosis #Algorithm ... #nephrology #low

Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
• Trauma:
- Immobilization
- Crush injury
- Compartment

- Differential Diagnosis ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... Monitor potassium ... Loop diuretics for ... #treatment #nephrology

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