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diagnosis differential management algorithm hypercalcemia syndrome associated classification diabetes diuresis encephalopathy excretion hematology hypertension hypokalemia hyponatremia indications insipidus k leukostasis
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... or induced) #Hypokalemia ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... heparinized tube) • ECG ... only if no clear cause ... Redistribution Treatments ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent Primary hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Lithium-associated Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Genetic disorders (e.g ... syndrome, thiazide diuretics ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
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 Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Postoperative abdominal distention ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Excess Intake of Water: • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia") •
Causes of Polyuria ... a.k.a. osmotic diuresis ... SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g ... Hereditary, Lithium, Hypercalcemia ... #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
uropathy, Metabolic causes ... (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Treatment is aimed ... Classification #Types #Nephrology
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia - Renal Failure → Dialysis with low Ca++ bath Aggressive IV hydration
Treatment algorithm ... Overload → Loop diuretic ... Calcitonin Refractory Cases ... #Treatment #algorithm ... #management #endocrinology
Management of Hyponatremia Hypertonic Saline - Only indicated if patient has severe symptoms + Na < 125 Give
Failure - Add Diuretics ... Add Diuretics, Consider ... SIADH — look for cause ... hourly • Identify Cause ... give specific treatment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Treatment of underlying ... Loop diuretics for ... Diagnosis #Management #causes ... #treatment #nephrology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis Approach (when evaluation should be done): 1. Severe or
, including a diuretic ... disorders including hypokalemia ... Causes: • Vascular ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Hyperthyroidism, Hypercalcemia
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