66 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... calcium)-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Other humoral syndromes ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... - Refeeding Syndrome ... #Hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #pathophysiology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation ... Before evaluating hypokalemia ... life threatening complications ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Genetic: Williams syndrome ... jamiekwillows #Hypercalcemia ... #VitaminD #causes ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology
Trousseau's Sign of Hypocalcemia on Physical Exam

Carpopedal spasm caused by ischemia induced by an inflated blood
Trousseau's Sign of Hypocalcemia ... Carpopedal spasm caused ... #PhysicalExam #Hypocalcemia ... #clinical #video ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
109 mm Hg) with clinical ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... , Cushing's syndrome ... White-coat syndrome ... Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
• Refeeding Syndrome ... Alkalosis • Hypokalemia ... Osteomalacia • Fanconi Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Pathogenesis and Clinical ... To prevent hypokalemia ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology