168 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Other humoral syndromes ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Vitamin D Metabolism

#VitaminD #Metabolism #Pathophysiology #Endocrinology #Pathways
Vitamin D Metabolism ... #VitaminD #Metabolism ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Algorithm Extra-renal ... Low intake • Metabolic ... Losses: • Metabolic ... @priti899 #Hypokalemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Vitamin D metabolic ... , adrenal, prostate ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Disease (CKD) - Metabolism ... Formation: Hungy Bone Syndrome ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
dysrhythmias Hypokalemia ... • Renal potassium ... Abnormalities of calcium metabolism ... • Hypocalcemia
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN syndromes) 

MEN I
• Hyperparathyroidism 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Possible ZE syndrome 
• Various
Neoplasias (MEN syndromes ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... • Possible ZE syndrome ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... #Differential #Endocrinology
Vitamin D Metabolism Pathways

Dr. Jamie Willows @jamiekwillows

#VitaminD #Metabolism #Pathways #pathophysiology #endocrinology
Vitamin D Metabolism ... jamiekwillows #VitaminD #Metabolism ... #Pathways #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Hormonal Secretions of the Adrenal Gland

#Adrenal #Gland #Cortex #Medulla #Hormones #Pathophysiology #Endocrinology
Secretions of the Adrenal ... Gland #Adrenal ... Medulla #Hormones #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation ... suggests extra-renal ... , Congenital adrenal ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... Hippurate - Metabolic