35 results
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
dysrhythmias Hypokalemia ... Abnormalities of calcium metabolism ... • Hypocalcemia ... Hypomagnesemia #Signs #Symptoms ... #Diagnosis
Hyperaldosteronism Testing Algorithm
INDICATIONS FOR TESTING:
Suspicion of primary aldosteronism - Manifestations: hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
ORDER: Aldosterone/Renin Activity
hypertension, hypokalemia ... , metabolic alkalosis ... Hyperaldosteronism #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Disease (CKD) - Metabolism ... PTH Signaling #Hypocalcemia ... #Diagnosis #Management ... #endocrinology
Diabetes Insipidus vs Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) - Comparison Table

Diabetes Insipidus - Inadequate ADH
SIADH -
Comparison #Table #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) 

Pathophysiology of MALA
 - Metformin interferes with the activity of the
Acidosis (MALA) Pathophysiology ... use in cellular metabolism ... Diagnosis of MALA ... also includes symptoms ... Toxicity #Toxicology #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Vitamin D metabolic ... #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Graves’ Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
B & T lymphocyte mediated autoimmunity attack TSH receptor -> Continuous
etiology Signs/Symptoms ... GravesDisease #pathophysiology ... #endocin #endocrinology ... #symptoms #signs ... #diagnosis
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis ... #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
lipolysis Signs/Symptoms ... thickness) - metabolic ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... mitochondrial oxidative metabolism ... Hypothyroid #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology