1381 results
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis
Chloride depletion syndromes
 • Gastrointestinal losses
    -
Chloride depletion syndromes ... Chloruretic drugs (eg, thiazides ... - Bartter syndrome ... - Gitelman syndrome ... • Liddle syndrome
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Aldosterone: Liddle's Syndrome ... SAME, Cushing Syndrome ... Absent: Loop and thiazide ... diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrom
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
• Milk-alkali syndrome ... Granulomatous disease • Thiazide
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypokalemia
- Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment
  -
diuretics - Thiazides ... renal Fanconi syndrome ... Furosemide - Thiazide
Outpatient Hypertension Management Algorithm
Monotherapy: 
 • Thiazide/thiazide-like 
 • ACE-I (non-black patients), 
 • ARB
Monotherapy: • Thiazide ... /thiazide-like ... Acute Coronary Syndrome
Wernicke's Encephalopathy vs Korsakoff Syndrome - Thiamine Deficiency

Wernicke's encephalopathy is a neurological condition due to longstanding
Encephalopathy vs Korsakoff Syndrome ... - Thiamine Deficiency ... to longstanding thiamine ... is Korsakoff's syndrome ... vitaminB1 #B1 #thiamine
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
major sweating • Thiazide ... Severe Cushing syndrome ... Congenital AME syndrome ... reabsorptive defect) • Thiazide ... reabsorption at the thiazide-sensitive
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
- Loop and thiazide ... renal Mg wasting syndromes ... - Gitelman syndrome ... - Hungry bones syndrome
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Other humoral syndromes ... disease - Williams syndrome ... intoxication, milk-alkali syndrome ... , thiazide diuretics
Thiamine Deficiency - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Clinical Manifestations

Causes of Thiamine Deficiency:
 • Poor intake:
	- Diets
Thiamine Deficiency ... - Refeeding syndrome ... Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ... • Korsakoff Syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #syndromes