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Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status
 - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
Hypernatremia Classification ... hypernatremia - DI, Central ... , Loop diuretics ... Hypernatremia #Classification ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Differential Diagnosis ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... #differential # ... diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused ... Desmopressin (DDAVP) • Central ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... Diabetes Insipidus Central ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... #Types #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Differential
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... • Drugs: Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... #differential # ... diagnosis #nephrology
Generalized Seizures and Pseudoseizures
Generalized seizures "are conceptualized as originating as some point within, and rapidly engaging,
generalized or a general ... seizure caused ... Pseudoseizures #GrandMal #Classification ... #Diagnosis #Neurology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Characteristics of Peripheral and Central Vertigo
PERIPHERAL VERTIGO
 • Onset: Sudden
 • Intensity: Severe initially, often decreasing
Peripheral and Central ... labyrinthitis) CENTRAL ... with vascular causes ... diagnosis #findings #signs ... symptoms #comparison #neurology
Causes of Peripheral and Central Vertigo
PERIPHERAL VERTIGO
1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - Short-lived (typically less
Causes of Peripheral ... and Central Vertigo ... varying neurologic signs ... #differential # ... diagnosis #neurology