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Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Milk-alkali syndrome #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #endocrinology
Symptoms and Signs of Hypocalcemia
Muscular: Weakness, fatigue, Spasms, cramps
Neurologic: Tetany, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, Circumoral and
Symptoms and Signs of Hypocalcemia ... secretion #Hypocalcemia ... Signs #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #calcium
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis Decreased calcium ... Syndromes Increased calcium ... Rhabdomyolysis #Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Constipation in Adults
Most common
 - Inadequate fiber or fluid intake
 - Poor bowel habits
Systemic
- Metabolic: hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia, ... uremia, porphyria ... Diuretics - Calcium ... Psychotropics - Calcium