Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes Complete, Incomplete, Paraplegia, Tetraplegia Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes: - Brown Sequard Syndrome - Anterior Cord Syndrome - Posterior Cord Syndrome - Central Cord Syndrome #Spinal #Cord #Injury #Syndromes #BrownSequard #Anterior #Posterior #Diagnosis

Extra-articular and Other Conditions Associated with Joint Pain Eyes • Iritis or uveitis - Spondyloarthropathies, Sarcoidosis, GPA • Conjunctivitis - Spondyloarthropathies, SLE, GPA • Cytoid bodies (retinal exudates) - SLE • Scleritis - RA, Relapsing polychondritis, GPA • Ischemic optic neuritis - Giant cell arteritis, GPA • Iridocyclitis - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Nails • Onycholysis - Psoriatic arthritis, Hyperthyroidism • Pitting - Psoriatic arthritis • Clubbing - IBD, Whipple's disease, Hyperthyroidism Fever • Bacterial or viral infection • Still's disease • Subacute bacterial endocarditis • Neoplasm Nodules • RA • Gout • Whipple's disease • Rheumatic fever • Amyloidosis • Sarcoidosis • Tophi - Gout • Jaundice - Hepatitis - Hemochromatosis • Hyperpigmentation - Whipple's disease - Hemochromatosis GI - Felty syndrome - Spondyloarthropathy-IBD - Splenomegaly • Felty's syndrome • Tumor-associated arthritis - Hepatomegaly • Whipple's disease • Hemochromatosis • Amyloidosis • Wilson's disease Pulmonary • Interstitial lung disease - Spondyloarthropathies, SLE • Pulmonary nodules - RA, SLE • Pleural disease - RA - SLE • Bronchiectasis - RA • Shrinking lung syndrome - SLE Neurologic system • Entrapment neuropathies - RA, Hypothyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism • Facial palsy - Lyme disease • Peripheral neuropathy - SLE, Amyloidosis • Chorea - Antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome, SLE, Rheumatic fever • Mononeuritis multiplex - RA, SLE, Lyme disease, Vasculitis (e.g., PAN) • Seizures - SLE Genitourinary system • Prostatitis - Reactive arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis • Urethritis or cervicitis - Reactive arthritis, Gonococcal arthritis • Scrotal or vulvar ulcers - Behçet's syndrome • Hypogonadism - Hemochromatosis • Balanitis circinata - Reactive arthritis ENT • Oral ulcers - SLE, Behçet's syndrome, Reactive arthritis, GPA • Parotid enlargement - Sjögren's syndrome, Sarcoidosis • Macroglossia - Amyloidosis • Scalp tenderness - Giant cell arteritis • Bloody or severe sinusitis - GPA • Inflammation of ear, sparing the lobe - Relapsing polychondritis Telangiectasia • Scleroderma Thickened skin • Scleroderma • Amyloidosis • Eosinophilic fasciitis Hair thinning • Hypothyroidism • SLE Musculoskeletal System Tender points • Fibromyalgia Heberden's nodes (DIP joints), Bouchard's nodes (PIP joints) • Osteoarthritis Boutonnière and swan-neck deformities • RA, SLE, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Dactylitis of digits • Psoriatic arthritis Lymphadenopathy • Tumor-associated arthritis • SLE Cardiovascular system • Mitral regurgitation and stenosis - Rheumatic fever • Aortic regurgitation - Ankylosing spondylitis, Rheumatic fever, Relapsing polychondritis, Reactive arthritis, Marfan syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis • Cardiomyopathies - Viral infection, Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, SLE, Polymyositis • New murmur, fever - Bacterial endocarditis, Rheumatic fever • Diminished peripheral pulses - Giant cell arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis #Extrarticular #conditions #joint #pain #differential #diagnosis #rheumatology

Cauda Equina Syndrome Causes: • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central) • Severe lumbar spondylosis • Neoplasm in lumbar spine • Trauma or epidural hematoma • Infection (abscess, etc) in lumbar spine Signs / Symptoms / Complications: • Weakness (flaccid paralysis) in both legs • Areflexia (loss of normal leg reflexes) • Urinary and fecal retention -> Overflow Incontinence • Saddle Anesthesia • Sensory disturbance in both legs (numbness, tingling, loss of temperature sensation, etc) • Neuropathic pain (shooting, stabbing, lancinating, burning pain radiating down both legs) Note: Surgical Emergency! • Goal is to prevent permanent damage to sacral nerves which can happen quickly (within hours) if not treated! • Pain/sensory disturbance in legs does not have to be bilateral. • As soon as bladder/bowel dysfunction is suspected, immediate MRI and surgery! #CaudaEquina #Syndrome #MSK #pathophysiology #diagnosis #symptoms #signs

Age Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis and clinical findings Photoreceptor atrophy -> Extracellular debris (drusen) from RPE atrophy/metabolism deposits between Bruch's membrane and RPE -> Drusen above Bruch's membrane reduces blood flow from choroid to retina -> Nutrients cannot reach retina from choroid and waste products from retina cannot pass into the choroidal bed -> Ischemia of RPE and photoreceptors -> Break occurs in Bruch's membrane -> Blood vessels grow from the choroidal circulation into the retina • Wet ARMD - Choroidal neovascularization seen on fundoscopy -> New abnormal blood vessels leak serous fluid and blood under the retina - Distorted central vision -> Distortion of lines (metamorphopsia) when looking at a grid of straight lines (i .e. Amsler grid) - Macular edema seen on fundoscopy • Dry ARMD - Drusen depositions; geographic atrophy of RPE -> Loss of photo receptors - Faded/blind spots in central vision -> Straight but faded lines when looking at a grid of straight lines (i.e. Amsler grid) - Asymptomatic (early disease) #AgeRelated #MacularDegeneration #pathophysiology #ophthalmology

Gram Negative Bacteria - Identification Algorithm - Rods (Bacilli) - Cocci (Diplococci) - Coccobacilli - HACEK Group By Dr. Colleen S. Kraft @colleenkraftmd via Emory_MedMicro @Emory_MedMicro #Gram #Negative #Bacteria #Identification #Algorithm #Microbiology #GNR #Cocci #Bacilli #Rods