The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease @TheCalgaryGuide
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Low Ankle Sprain: Pathomechanics and Clinical Findings

Grading Ligament Sprains
l: Minimal ligament disruption, mild swelling & tenderness,
Clinical Findings Grading ... ligament substance leading ... LowAnkleSprain #Sports ... #MSK #orthopedics ... #Grading #Grades
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool spots ... ischemia -> Venous beading ... #Diabetic #Retinopathy
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
subthreshold mechanical loading ... from continued loading ... StressFractures #msk
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy ... -> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... #Hypertensive #Retinopathy
Patellofemoral Syndrome - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Knee Pain with possible symptoms of 'catching'
pain • Palpable grinding ... signs #symptoms #msk
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
focal melting) -> Retinopathy ... conjunctiva) • Bitot's spots
Retinopathy of Prematurity: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Increased metabolic demand of growing eye
-> Excessive VEGF production ->
Retinopathy of Prematurity ... metabolic demand of growing ... branching of vessels leading ... detachment #Retinopathy
Disc Herniations - Pathogenesis and Complications
• 90% of Lumbar disc herniations happen at L4/5 and L5/S1
•
-> Mechanical loading ... complications #msk
Classification of Pelvic Ring Fractures: Mechanisms, Clinical Features and Complications
 • Anterior Posterior Compression (APC) -
Classification #Grades #Grading ... #Orthopedics #MSK
Childhood Immunization Schedule: Why we immunize
 • Diphtheria Toxin -> URT inflammation causes pseudomembrane with hardened
Tetanus Toxin -> Spores ... lymph -> Koplik's spots ... vessel collapse leading