11 results
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
- Differential Diagnosis ... adenoma, Parathyroid ... hyperplasia, Parathyroid ... diseases, Idiopathic calcitriol ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... prostate (release of calcitriol ... #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Mechanism of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, PTH-related
malignancy-associated hypercalcemia ... lymphoma; PTH, parathyroid ... #Pathophys #Diagnosis ... #Hypercalcemia ... Malignancy #Mechanism #Frequency
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... Hypoparathyroidism • Parathyroid ... Decreased synthesis of calcitriol ... Signs #Symptoms #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Differential Diagnosis ... PTH: • Elevated Calcitriol ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Algorithm #causes
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Destruction of parathyroid ... sunlight • Other Causes ... #Algorithm #causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... by Clinical Cause ... Family history of hypocalcemia ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
Causes of Polyuria ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Hereditary, Lithium, Hypercalcemia ... Mimics (↑ urine frequency ... #Causes #nephrology
Localization, type, and prevalence of mediastinal masses. 

Aneurysm, Thoracic duct cysts, Bronchogenic cysts, Neurinomas, Enterogenic cysts,
of mediastinal masses ... Thyroid tumors, Parathyroid ... #Mediastinal #Masses ... #Differential #Frequency ... #Diagnosis #Thoracic