642 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
NSAIDS and their effects on the Kidney - Pathophysiology

Arachidonic Acid metabolites into alternative pathways that modify
• Increase Na reabsorption ... • Increase H2O absorption ... KidneyDisease #nephrology
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Decreased intake/absorption: Starvation, Alcoholism, Malabsorption, Phosphate binder use
 • Redistribution/
Decreased intake/absorption ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology #phosphate
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
tubule (PCT) - Reabsorption ... Isosmotic reabsorption ... Secretion and reabsorption ... organic acids and bases ... Pathophysiology #Tubules #Table
The Pathophysiology of Fat Absorption and Causes of Malabsorption (steatorrhoea)

#Fat #Malabsorption #Pathophysiology #Differential #Steatorrhea #Diarrhea #Diagnosis
Pathophysiology of Fat Absorption ... and Causes of Malabsorption
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Acidosis #Diagnosis #Nephrology ... #Table #Differential ... #Causes
Pharmacology of diuretics

Acetazolamide, Loop diuretics, Thiazide‐like diuretics, MRA, Amiloride

Site of Action, Maximum Dose, Half-Life, Onset, Bioavailability,
Bioavailability, Absorption ... Pharmacology #Comparison #Table
How SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule and improve systemic glucose homeostasis:
https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(18)30633-4/fulltext

#Pathophysiology #Mechanism #Nephrology
block glucose reabsorption ... Pathophysiology #Mechanism #Nephrology ... SLGT2 #Inhibitors #Reabsorption
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... MGUS - Poor reabsorption ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes