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diagnosis differential management algorithm clinical nephrology cardiology pharmacology hyperkalemia pathophysiology treatment physicalexam hypokalemia pulmonary radiology table hematology classification neurology video
Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... rarely the sole cause
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 Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Syndrome • HTN, High ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... urinary losses: • High ... Non-reabsorbable anions
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Decreased renal potassium ... Drugs Increased potassium ... (oral/iv) • Potassium-rich ... Normal, Renin High ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Chloride depletion syndromes • Gastrointestinal losses -
Causes of Metabolic ... chloridorrhea - High-volume ... administration Other causes ... syndrome • Severe potassium ... depletion (serum potassium
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5). Thinning of optic disc
Usual cause is glaucoma ... Glaucoma causes ... of optic nerve axons ... of chronically high
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis #Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Unmeasured Anions ... #Unmeasured #Anions ... #Differential #Causes
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia: • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample! • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
TTKG should be high ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #high
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm GI Losses - Gastric • Vomiting • NG suction GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Non-reabsorbed anions ... Renin, High Aldosterone ... Tumor Low Renin, High ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Increased Intake • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Excretion (IV potassium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
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