167 results
Malignant Bone Tumors: Pathogenesis of X-ray appearance

 • Metastatic bone tumors (aka. cancerous cells from systemic
Malignant Bone Tumors ... • Metastatic bone ... metastasized to the bone ... • Metastatic bone ... Signs/Symptoms:
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
mechanical loading => Bone ... strain => Bone ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Concussion - Acute Pathophysiology

#Concussion #Pathophysiology #neurology #signs #symptoms
Concussion - Acute Pathophysiology ... #Concussion #Pathophysiology ... #neurology #signs ... #symptoms
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Osteoarthritis (OA): Clinical findings
 • Stimulation of joint nociceptors in subchondral bone -> Pain with loading
in subchondral bone ... architecture -> Palpable bony ... contact between bony ... Osteoarthritis #OA #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): X-ray features
 • Soft tissue swelling (best seen by comparing left & right
Narrowing • Bony ... the articular bone ... Peri-articular osteopenia (bones ... Radiology #Clinical #Pathophysiology
Bone Lesion on X-Ray - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm 
Exostotic
 • Osteochondroma
Asymptomatic &/or Non-Active Bone Scam
 •
Bone Lesion on X-Ray ... /or Non-Active Bone ... • Unicameral Bone ... • Aneurysmal Bone ... Constitutional Symptoms
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Elevation - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

ALP:
 - Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of organic phosphate
stimulation (placenta/Bone ... - Highest • Bone ... Most common symptoms ... Renal disease - Bone ... symptoms - Pain
Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
 • CNS: Seizures, Delirium, Paresthesias, Central & extrapontine myelinolysis, Hallucinations, Fatigue
 • Hematologic:
Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia ... Heart failure • Bones ... Growth retardation, Bone ... Hypophosphatemia #Phosphate #Symptoms