64 results
Diagnosis of ascites according to the serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
SAAG ≥ 1.1:
 - Ascitic protein
albumin gradient (SAAG ... ) SAAG ≥ 1.1: ... Cirrhosis, Late Budd-Chiari ... pericarditis, Early Budd-Chiari ... differential #diagnosis #algorithm
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Acellular Casts ... • Hyaline Casts ... • "Muddy Brown ... suggestive of acute ... in a variety of acute
Examples of varying granular and granular/waxy mixed casts: 
A: coarse granular/broad-waxy (and surrounding white blood cells);
granular/waxy mixed casts ... surrounding white blood ... light granular/muddy ... granular, C and D: muddy ... Granular #MuddyBrown #Casts
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... "Muddy-brown" heme-granular ... in acute tubular ... disease Red blood ... Glomerulonephritis White blood
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
tubular cells - Acute ... • White cell casts ... renal disease • “Muddy ... brown cast” - Necrotic ... protein indicating acute
Causes of Ascites
Normal Peritoneum
Portal hypertension (SAAG > 1.1 g/dL)
  1. Hepatic congestionl
hypertension (SAAG ... insufficiency - Budd-Chiari ... fibrosis - Acute ... Hypoalbuminemia (SAAG ... - Myxedema (SAAG
Algorithmic Approach to Acute Interstitial Nephritis
When to suspect AIN? (not sensitive)
 • AKI, AKD, rapidly progressive
Algorithmic Approach ... to Acute Interstitial ... sterile pyuria, WBC casts ... MatthewHoMD #Acute ... Nephritis #AIN #Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume
Acute Kidney Injury ... Glomerular (red blood ... eosinophils/white blood ... cell casts on UA ... appropriate) #Acute
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
Causes of Acute ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Epithelial cell casts ... Obstruction • Cast ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Acute Diarrhea - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Ischemic: Small Bowel vs Large Bowel
 • Infectious: Diarrhea-Predominant
Acute Diarrhea - ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Inflammatory: Bloody ... vs Non-Bloody ... osmotic diarrhea) #Acute