11 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Extravascular: Pancreatitis, surgery, acute phosphate intake and renal
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... - Differential ... Drug induced: Calcium ... Hyperphosphatemia, High ... @kdjhaveri #Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Differential Diagnosis ... Elevated PTH (High ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... #causes #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Family history of hypocalcemia ... hyperparathyroidism #Hypocalcemia ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Causes of High-anion ... Hypokalemia ... Hyperkalemia ... diagnosis #causes
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... #stones #differential ... #diagnosis #causes
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Drug-induced • High ... • Diabetic acidosis ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... #endocrinology ... #causes
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Saline (NS) - Comparison ... - Protective effects ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... • Saline May Cause
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
- Hyperkalemia ( ... high potassium levels ... ) is a side effect ... , in states of hypokalemia ... Pathophysiology #cardiology
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Acidosis B. ... axis; T risk of hyperkalemia ... antiphospholipid syndrome #Hyperkalemia ... Diagnosis #High