31 results
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... • “Muddy brown cast ... #nephrology #casts
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
Kidney Injury (AKI ... Acute Kidney Injury ... • Hepatorenal syndromes ... Epithelial cell casts ... Obstruction • Cast
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Acellular Casts ... suggestive of nephrotic sydnrome ... of a cellular cast ... Urine #Microscopy #nephrology ... interpretation #diagnosis
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients with Cancer 

Cancer Related 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Intravenous contrast 
•
Acute Kidney Injury ... Light chain (LC) cast ... malignancies Treatment ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Classification #Nephrology
Causes of Knee Effusions - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Knee Effusion Red Flags:
1. Fever/Chills/Joint pain/Night sweats/Weight loss
	- DDX:
		-
Causes of Knee Effusions ... - Differential Diagnosis ... bearing after injury ... Aneurysmal bone cyst ... #Effusions #causes
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... , Compartment syndrome ... Cast formation: ... Management #Summary #causes ... #treatment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... Management Summary Causes ... Dermatomyositis Clinical ... Cast formation: ... #treatment #nephrology
Causes of Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis
Renal:
 - Glomerular - IgA Nephropathy, Thin basement membrane, Alport syndrome,
Causes of Hematuria ... - Differential Diagnosis ... membrane, Alport syndrome ... - Structural - Cysts ... #Causes #urology
Causes of Cystic Renal Mass - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Benign - Anechoic on ultrasound, Well-demarcated on ultrasound/CT,
contrast - Simple Cysts ... sized kidneys, No cysts ... Multiple bilateral cysts ... Enlarged kidneys, Cysts ... Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) Summary
Pathogen: Larval stage of Taenia solium
Infection: Ingesting undercooked pork containing cysticerci in muscle tissue.
Clinical Course: ... calcifications cause ... Orbital/Ocular Treatment ... : • 1-2 cysts ... albendazol • >2 cysts