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differential hypokalemia potassium low sodium hypernatremia management metabolic table acidosis alkalosis aniongap chloride excretion hypotonic medications nongap pharmacology physiologic renal
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... thiazide-like diuretics ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Renal Sodium loss (diuretics ... deficiency, Post-AKI diuresis ... can be high or ... (AKI, Post-AKI diuresis ... table #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Algorithm Hypernatremia ... administration • Osmotic diuresis ... #Nephrology #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... >20 mEq/24 h - Diuretics ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
• Hypovolemia: Diuretics ... polydipsia • Hypervolemia ... Nephrotic Syndrome, Chronic ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Causes of Hypokalemia ... contracted • Loop diuretics ... syndrome • Thiazide diuretics ... #Nephrology #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... Potassium-sparing diuretics ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #nephrology
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