16 results
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
chiefly by hormones vitamin ... Vitamin D enters ... and stimulating bone ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Tweetorial - How does diabetes mellitus (DM) lead to an increased risk of infection? 

By Dr.
Tony Breu @tony_breu ... #DiabetesMellitus ... Risk #Tweetorial #Endocrinology ... #DM #Pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
- Differential Diagnosis ... Cholecalciferol - Excess Vitamin ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... Algorithm #causes #endocrinology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin ... easily/weakness, Bone ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis ... #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Rachitic Rosary of Rickets on Physical Exam

Bead-like prominences of bone are seen at the costochondral joints.
prominences of bone ... PhysicalExam #clinical #video ... #chest #Ribs #VitaminD ... #deficiency #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
D) Increased bone ... Paget's disease of bone ... Multiple myeloma (bone ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
- Differential Diagnosis ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
of Malignancy - Pathophysiology ... adenocarcinoma of thyroid Vitamin ... resorption in the bone ... resorption in the bone ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
due to increased bone ... alkali syndrome • Vitamin ... #differential #diagnosis ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
Deficiency) - Diagnosis ... Mucous membranes • Bone ... weeks #Scurvy #Pathophysiology ... #Pathophysiology ... #Nutrition #Diagnosis