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diagnosis differential management causes algorithm hypernatremia sodium table hyperkalemia hypokalemia pharmacology potassium workup abg acid acidbase base blood bloodgas classification
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
Hypodipsia - Renal ... - Osmotic diuretic ... , Loop diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... perspiration Renal ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... • Drugs • Pulmonary ... GI losses • Renal ... especially thiazide diuretics ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... mmol/L - true hyponatremia ... - fevers • renal ... volume loss - diuretics ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Cardiac failure #Hyponatremia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... • Drugs • Pulmonary ... GI losses • Renal ... especially thiazide diuretics ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... , Ingestion Renal ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Torsemide) • Acute pulmonary ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia ... case of hypotonic hyponatremia ... ≥100): SIADH, Renal ... Sodium loss (diuretics ... table #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... , Osmotic diuresis ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
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