27 results
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... 15 suggests ↓ renal ... hypertonic Amp IVP ... IV loop diuretic ... #potassium #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
membrane: • IV ... concentration: • IV ... (if preserved renal ... function) - Loop diuretic ... often with saline IVF
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... irrigation • Management ... Association class IV ... Postoperative abdominal ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... and lymphomas, IV ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Large volume IVF ... a.k.a. osmotic diuresis ... Nephrogenic DI (Renal ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Redistribution: IV ... ketoacidosis, IV ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology #magnesium
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
radiation dose Ultrasound ... causes of flank or abdominal ... stones IVP - ... tumors) - Limited IVP ... scan) when an ultrasound
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Clinical features - Classic triad (flank pain, hematuria,
(RCC) - Diagnosis ... and Management ... and a palpable abdominal ... syndrome (involvement IVC ... initial test: abdominal
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
- Differential Diagnosis ... ultrasound, Tests ... ; MRA; abdominal ... aldosterone) or IV ... with indwelling IV
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... • K sparing diuretics ... Inhibitors • Recent IV ... • SLE • Type IV ... potassium #high #nephrology