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causes hyperkalemia algorithm acidosis high management metabolic aniongap chloride classification diuresis diuretics elevation gitelman intercellularshift k lactate low nongap pharmacology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis ... Thyrotoxicosis Medications ... #nephrology #low ... #potassium
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic ... potassium excretion ... failure • Chronic ... #nephrology #potassium ... #differential
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
ketoacidosis • D-lactic ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential # ... diagnosis
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... Excretion: • ... Medications 2. ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... Excretion: • ... Medications 2. ... #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Acidosis: • Lactic ... Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Potassium-sparing ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
(renal potassium ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Excretion Carbonic ... • Metabolic alkalosis ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
- Reduced Excretion ... nephron - TTKG > 7, Urine ... Creatinine • Chronic ... renal failure ... Aldosterone • Diabetic
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... Etiology: • Medications ... lysis) ± Urine ... STOP offending medications ... #nephrology #K
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