13 results
Causes of Ischemic Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Important to determine and treat the etiology behind because
• Arrhythmias: Afib ... * • Valvular: Mitral ... stenosis, Prosthetic ... valve • Endocarditis ... Structural: myxoma, thrombus
Systolic Murmurs - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Benign / Flow / Hyperdynamic:
 • Pregnancy
 • Fever
 • Anemia
Supravalvular
Systolic Murmurs - Differential ... Mitral Regurgitation ... Marfan's Disease Mitral ... Murmurs #Cardiology #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Causes of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
 - Most common cause worldwide. Commissural fusion, thick MV leaflets
Causes of mitral ... disease Infective endocarditis ... myxoma)/ball valve thrombus ... #stenosis #Causes ... #diagnosis #differential
Syncope - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Neurocardiogenic:
 • Vasovagal
 • Orthostatic Hypotension
 • Autonomic Neuropathy
 • Situational (micturition,
Syncope - Differential ... /Aortic Stenosis ... Stenosis ... • AFib/AFlutter ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Primary and Secondary Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
Primary (organic) chronic mitral regurgitation:
 • Leaflet: Rheumatic fever, Infective
and Secondary Causes ... fever, Infective endocarditis ... Ring fracture, Thrombus ... Regurgitation #differential ... diagnosis #cardiology #causes
Hemoptysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Massive Hemoptysis: >150-300 mL in 24h
Airway disease: 
 • Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Malignancy
Hemoptysis - Differential ... • Valvular (Mitral ... stenosis or regurgitation ... , Tricuspid endocarditis ... Diagnosis #pulmonary #causes
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) Summary

Symptoms:
• Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

Why?
Cardiac:
	• Valvular heart
identify left atrial thrombus ... TEE to exclude thrombus ... Moderate or severe mitral ... stenosis • Mechanical ... #diagnosis #management
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
Regurgitation (MR) Causes ... disease: Most common cause ... stenosis - Infective ... /marantic endocarditis ... #Functional #Differential
Widened Pulse Pressure - Differential Diagnosis and Pathophysiology

Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic blood
Pulse Pressure - Differential ... • Infective Endocarditis ... • Mitral Regurgitation ... • Mitral Stenosis ... • Tricuspid Stenosis
Coronary Artery Embolism - Etiology and Scoring
Etiology:
 • Direct: Clot (LV thrombus, LAA Thrombus), Valve (Vegetation,
, LAA Thrombus), ... - Most Common Cause ... Minor: • < 25% stenosis ... cardiac surgery, endocarditis ... Embolism #diagnosis #differential