363 results
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Stimulation of Na ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Causes of Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Overfill (Increased renal sodium retention, Urine Na > 40meq/L)
Causes of Generalized ... retention, Urine Na ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Solute Diuresis
 • Na intake/saline
 • Glucosuria: Hyperglycemia, SGLT-2 inhibitors
 • Urea: Exogenous
Solute Diuresis • Na ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Urinary casts ... of Sodium (FE Na ... [(U Na x P Cr) / ... (P Na x U Cr)] ... leucocyte-esterase #urine #UNa #casts
Diuretics - Pharmacology

Thiazides diuretics:
 • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule
 • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... diuretics: • Promote Na ... loop #thiazide #classes
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
65% of filtered Na ... organic acids and bases ... 25% of filtered Na ... 8% of filtered Na ... tubule (CCT) - Na
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Pathophysiology 1) Na ... action of the Na ... increase. 2) The Na ... increase, the Na ... intracellular calcium causes
Internal Jugular Vein Rouleaux Flow on POCUS

Amazing video of a dilated IJV showing Rouleaux flow. Whenever
Rouleaux Flow on POCUS ... significantly, it causes ... echogenic as in this case ... for underlying cause ... Jugular #IJ #Vein #POCUS
Sebaceous hyperplasia 
 - Yellow papule 
 - Donut-shape 
 - Central umbilication 
 - Telangiectasia
Usually multiple - Causes ... Benign #Clinical #Photo
Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI LOSS - FeMg < 2-2.5% or 24h Urine Mg
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Genetics defects in Na-KATPase ... Magnesium #Low #Causes