137 results
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
this pump, those sodium ... intracellular sodium ... intracellular sodium ... exchanged for sodium ... hypokalemia (or low
Phosphate Electrolyte Repletion
Oral: Neutra-Phos, Neutra-Phos-K, K-Phos Neutral (Na and K Phos)
Intravenous: Potassium Phosphate, Sodium Phosphate

Satya Patel
K-Phos Neutral (Na ... Intravenous: Potassium ... Phosphate, Sodium
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
acid >4 • Urine Na ... losses • Urine Na ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
How much sodium is in 1 Liter of Normal Saline? In Bags if Potato Chips
How much sodium ... saline = 0.9% sodium ... meq/L) x (23 mg Na ... meq) = 3,542 mg Na ... about as much sodium
Fractional Excretion of Sodium - FENa
Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa) = (Urine Na+ x Serum Cr)
Fractional Excretion of Sodium ... Fractional Excretion of Sodium ... FENa) = (Urine Na ... Serum Cr) / (Serum Na ... Fractional #Excretion #Sodium
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Stimulation of Na ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Here’s a review of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)

This is a very common pathway that clinicians should
aldosterone which does a lot ... with excreting potassium ... while retaining sodium ... result of excreting sodium ... because of the sodium
Diuretics - Pharmacology

Thiazides diuretics:
 • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule
 • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... Piretanide Potassium ... diuretics: • Inhibit Na ... as no effect on sodium
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Table

 • Step 1: Correct for hyperglycemia. Corrected Na = [(glucose - 100)/
Corrected Na = [ ... Urine Osm • Na ... of total body Na ... Table #nephrology #sodium
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium ... Fractional excretion of Sodium ... = Sodium. ... < 1% Urine sodium ... > 2% Urine sodium