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diagnosis differential nephrology algorithm hyponatremia acute injury table anasarca cancer casts classification crystals diuresis diuretics edema emergencies excretion generalized glucosuria
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Acute Kidney Injury ... dipstick, urine ... osmolarity If cause ... • Cardio-renal syndrome ... imaging #Acute #Kidney
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Clarity Dipstick ... Acute Kidney Injury ... (AKI) FE Na < ... 1% Urine sodium ... Urinalysis #crystals #dipstick
Acute Kidney Injury - Classification Prerenal: • Dehydration • Heart failure (a.k.a. cardiorenal syndrome) • Liver failure
Acute Kidney Injury ... Dehydration • Heart ... tubular necrosis (causes ... obstruction) • Neurogenic ... #Acute #Kidney
Causes of Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Overfill (Increased renal sodium retention, Urine Na > 40meq/L)
Causes of Generalized ... Increased renal sodium ... retention, Urine ... • NSAlDs • AKI ... Pressure • Right heart
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... • Congestive heart ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... Hypo-osmolar urine
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... • Congestive heart ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... Hypo-osmolar urine
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... volume-based algorithm Urine ... : SIADH, Renal Sodium ... renal perfusion (Heart ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... illness → Hypernatremia ... involvement: Muscles, Kidneys ... Rhabdomyolysis - AKI
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... • Hyponatremia ... • Nephrogenic ... stones caused by ... and euvolemic hyponatremia
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Weakness - Dark urine ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... + myoglobin AKI ... nephrotoxicity to kidney
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