33 results
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... insipidus (central or nephrogenic ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists ... Muscarinic Receptor Agonists ... postoperative, neurogenic ... bladder, enuresis, neurogenic ... #Medications #Pharmacology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... insipidus • Nephrogenic ... administration #Hypernatremia ... Causes #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Repeat the sodium ... mmol/L - true hyponatremia ... • nephrotic syndrome ... renal failure #Hypernatremia
Medications Used in Hypertensive Emergencies
Vasodilators: Hydralazine, Nitroglycerin, Sodium nitroprusside 
Calcium Channel Blockers: Clevidipine, Nicardipine
ß-Blockers: Esmolol, Labetalol,
Nitroglycerin, Sodium ... Phentolamine D1 Receptor Agonists ... Management #Treatment #Pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
• Hyponatremia ... • Nephrogenic ... V1 receptor-agonist ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia ... Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia ... irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
Hypernatremia - ... and Treatment Hypernatremia ... Diabetes Insipidus: neurogenic ... , nephrogenic 4 ... management #nephrology #sodium
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Etiologies of Hypernatremia ... Insensible losses Sodium ... congenital disorders Nephrogenic ... DrEricStrong #Hypernatremia
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
limb Gitelman syndrome ... cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... exchanger,H+-ATPase Nephrogenic ... -2 deficiency Nephrogenic