40 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
and Features of Hyponatremia ... Hypervolemic hypernatremia ... - Nephrotic syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... insipidus • Nephrogenic ... administration #Hypernatremia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists ... postoperative, neurogenic ... bladder, enuresis, neurogenic ... #Medications #Pharmacology ... #Table
Diuretic Electrolyte Excretion Effects 
Diuresis, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, Uric Acid
 - Thiazide Type
- Aldosterone Antagonist ... - Epithelial Sodium ... electrolytes #effects #pharmacology ... #comparison #table
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... insipidus (central or nephrogenic ... Hypervolemic: Conn syndrome ... , Cushing syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Etiologies of Hypernatremia ... Insensible losses Sodium ... congenital disorders Nephrogenic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Medications Used in Hypertensive Emergencies
Vasodilators: Hydralazine, Nitroglycerin, Sodium nitroprusside 
Calcium Channel Blockers: Clevidipine, Nicardipine
ß-Blockers: Esmolol, Labetalol,
Nitroglycerin, Sodium ... Enalaprilat Alpha-Antagonist ... Management #Treatment #Pharmacology ... #Table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Hyponatremia ... Kidney stones caused ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Intern Pocket Cards - Inpatient Anti-Emetics Guide
Serotonin antagonists:
 • Ondansetron (Zofran), Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso) - Headache,
Guide Serotonin antagonists ... diarrhea Dopamine antagonists ... pocketcardset #nausea ... #medications #pharmacology ... #table #agents
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Hyponatremia - Differential ... - Cirrhosis Syndrome ... DrEricStrong #Hyponatremia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes #Sodium