692 results
Congenital Nystagmus on Physical Exam
These abnormal eye movements were found in a patient with albinism. What
achromatopsia, & formal ... ophthalmology evaluation ... Cooper Neurology ... clinical #video #neurology ... #ophthalmology
Causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). AKI is classified into pre-renal, renal, and post-renal causes. Renal
Causes of acute ... , renal, and post-renal ... causes. ... Renal causes of ... #Sites #Nephrology
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Epithelial cells - Normal ... • Renal tubular ... high-power field = normal ... - Renal infection ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
osmolarity If cause ... investigations abnormal ... , HIV serology, ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes
Kidney Biopsy - Diagnosis Algorithms
1) Normal Glomerulus by LM
2) Glomerular Crescents
3) Double Contours of GBM
4) Endocapillary
Algorithms 1) Normal ... Kidney #Biopsy #renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia 

Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
cells FEMg >4% = renal ... magnesium loss if renal ... function is normal ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #magnesium
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... for renal biopsy ... cystoscopy • Refer to Nephrology ... if cause not identified
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... Losses: • Normal ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
algorithm Decreased renal ... excretion • Acute renal ... Supplementation (oral ... Nephropathy Renin Normal ... Diagnosis #algorithm #nephrology
Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis
Renal Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Familial:
Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, Isolated recessive hypomagnesemia,
Differential Diagnosis Renal ... Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... hypomagnesemia Renal ... Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... #nephrology #magnesium