111 results
diagnosis differential algorithm endocrinology nephrology management symptoms hyperkalemia pathophysiology hypocalcemia hypomagnesemia magnesium pharmacology secondary treatment workup clinical hypertension low renal
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent Primary hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Lithium-associated Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... Renal failure, ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... #Causes #Differential
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 Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... , adrenal, prostate ... disease • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... #Causes #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
Hypocalcemia Laboratory ... disorders causing hypocalcemia ... : - Hypoparathyroidism ... activating mutation - Parathyroid ... Laboratory #Levels #Hyperparathyroidism
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 Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm High or Normal PTH: • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
Normal PTH: • Hyperparathyroidism ... : Parathyroid adenoma ... , Parathyroid hyperplasia ... , Parathyroid carcinoma ... nephrology #PTH #parathyroid
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Mg: GI losses, Renal ... Destruction of parathyroid ... sunlight • Other Causes ... emoryimchiefs #Hypocalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... #Causes #differential
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL) Neuromuscular manifestations • Tremor, tetany, seizures • Weakness
Hypokalemia • Renal ... metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... • Hypoparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid ... Hypomagnesemia #Signs
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Primary Hyperparathyroidism • Adenoma • Hyperplasia • MEN 1 and 2A Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Algorithm Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... and 2A Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism ... long-standing secondary hyperparathyroidism ... Renal Failure, Post-Renal ... Immobilization • Adrenal
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... by Clinical Cause ... illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism ... gland removal Renal ... disease - Secondary hyperparathyroidism
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 Causes of Hypermagnesemia Increased magnesium load - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... absorption - Hyperparathyroidism ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Mineralocorticoid deficiency, adrenal ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
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