167 results
diagnosis differential algorithm endocrinology symptoms management clinical pathophysiology nephrology neurology hypocalcemia radiology physicalexam cardiology hypertension secondary sign hyperkalemia pulmonary rheumatology
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent Primary hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Lithium-associated Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... Primary hyperparathyroidism ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #Differential
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 Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
Hypocalcemia Laboratory ... : - Hypoparathyroidism ... activating mutation - Parathyroid ... Chronic kidney disease ... Laboratory #Levels #Hyperparathyroidism
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 Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... #Causes #endocrinology
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm High or Normal PTH: • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
Normal PTH: • Hyperparathyroidism ... : Parathyroid adenoma ... Skeletal metastatic disease ... disorders, Paget's disease ... Granulomatous diseases
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... #Causes #differential
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Destruction of parathyroid ... , infiltrative disease ... sunlight • Other Causes ... emoryimchiefs #Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings Causes of Hypercalcemia • Malignancy • Milk-alkali syndrome • Vitamin D toxicity •
EKG Findings Causes ... toxicity • Paget's disease ... • Hyperparathyroidism ... Granulomatous disease ... #Differential #Causes
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism ... levels Autoimmune disease ... removal Renal disease ... - Secondary hyperparathyroidism
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 Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Primary Hyperparathyroidism • Adenoma • Hyperplasia • MEN 1 and 2A Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Algorithm Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... and 2A Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism ... Metastatic Bone Disease ... Granulomatous Disease ... Thyrotoxicosis • Paget's Disease
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL) Neuromuscular manifestations • Tremor, tetany, seizures • Weakness
metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... • Hypoparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid ... Hypomagnesemia #Signs
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