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diagnosis differential management algorithm causes hypokalemia hyperkalemia high low medications metabolic syndrome table alkalosis cardiology chloride criticalcare foamed gitelman pathophysiology
Diuretics sites of action on the nephron 1) Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) 2) Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol) 3) Loop
Diuretics sites ... Metolazone) 5) Potassium-sparing ... diuretics (e.g. ... #pharmacology # ... nephrology #medications
Summary of Diuretic Agents Subclass, Drug, Mechanism of Action, Effects, Clinical Applications, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interaction CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Summary of Diuretic ... Chlorthalidone POTASSIUM-SPARING ... Tolvaptan #Diuretics ... #Medications #Pharmacology ... summary #table #nephrology
Diuretics - Pharmacology Thiazides diuretics: • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... • Inhibit Na+ Cl ... Piretanide Potassium ... #Pharmacology # ... nephrology #conversion
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Kidney loss of Cl ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
• Metabolic acidosis ... • Metabolic acidosis ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... function) - Loop diuretic ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypertensive: • High Al ... aldosteronism • High Al ... >20 mEq/24 h - Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... thiazide-like diuretics ... Renal tubular acidosis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Redistribution: Acidosis ... hyperchloremic acidosis ... Ca-gluconate or 1g CaCl ... gtt - Only in acidosis ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Gap Metabolic Acidosis ... Potassium-sparing ... diuretics (amiloride ... ACE-Is and ARBs ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
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