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diagnosis algorithm causes hypokalemia potassium alkalosis hypomagnesemia metabolic hyponatremia magnesium management workup hypernatremia hypomg pathophysiology treatment urine cardiology cardiorenal chf
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #Hyponatremia #differential ... #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - Differential ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... - Hungry bones syndrome ... Hypomagnesemia #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Low ... #Magnesium #Table
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Normal Acid-Base: Low ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential ... Cl intake, Diuretics ... High Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential ... Cl intake, Diuretics ... High Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome • Increased renal interstitial pressure • Hypoperfusion • Reduced
in cardiorenal syndrome ... Reduced renal blood flow ... hypertrophy • Sodium ... activities • Diuretic ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
Hypernatremia - Differential ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... administration • Osmotic diuresis ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... Hypernatremia #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Hypertensive: • High Al, Low ... >20 mEq/24 h - Diuretics ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Hypokalemia - Differential ... • Refeeding syndrome ... vomiting) • Low ... • Discontinued diuretic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
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