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diagnosis differential algorithm hyponatremia hypokalemia low management potassium treatment hypernatremia workup alkalosis hypomagnesemia metabolic neurology classification high hyperkalemia magnesium pathophysiology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome ... , Loop diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... Diagnosis #Comparison #Table ... #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , Bartter's syndrome ... use), Gitelman's syndrome ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... - Hungry bones syndrome ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... Classification #Causes
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... : SIADH, Renal Sodium ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Diuretics - Pharmacology Thiazides diuretics: • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... Thiazides diuretics ... as no effect on sodium ... #Pharmacology #nephrology ... loop #thiazide #classes
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia - Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment -
overdose) - Sodium ... foscarnet - Diuretics ... renal Fanconi syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology ... #Causes #hypomg
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... and nephrotic syndrome ... Kidney stones caused ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
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