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diagnosis differential causes hyperkalemia algorithm management treatment nephrology cardiology hypokalemia low pharmacology curve dissociation pulmonary signs symptoms syndrome acl acltear
Pivot-Shift Test in ACL-deficient Knee This patient has pathologic varus alignment across the knee and a chronic
Pivot-Shift Test ... be performing a high-tibial ... dr.dold.md #Pivot #Shift ... #PivotShift #test
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 Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift ... in pernicious anemia ... Transcellular shifts ... nephrology #low #potassium
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower: • ↓ H+ (↑
Curve Left Shift ... Temperature Right Shift ... ↑ 2,3-BPG • High ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Increased Loss - Increased GI Loss - Increased Urinary
Transcellular Shift ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Left Shift - decreased unloading of O2 at tissue level (i.e. increased
Curve Left Shift ... Hypophosphatæmia Right Shift ... - Sickle cell anemia ... Dissociation #Curve #Pathophysiology ... #Left #Right #Shift
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC shift ... differential #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #pharmacology #potassium
Bandemia Overview Normal: < 1% Clinically significant: > 10% Band neutrophils are slightly less mature than segmented neutrophils and
Bandemia Overview ... Left Shift: • ... Metamyelocyte (Left Shift ... with moderate and high ... CBC #hematology #pathophysiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... mmol creatinine) High ... Low-normal EABV, High ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium
Hyperkalemia - Management Algorithm • IV calcium • IV insulin and glucose and/or salbutamolt • Consider
Dialysis Serum potassium ... blocks, QRS axis shift ... #hyperkalemia #potassium ... #high #diagnosis
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia: • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample! • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
TTKG should be high ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
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