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diagnosis causes nephrology algorithm hyperkalemia hypokalemia management low pulmonary treatment cardiology hematology metabolic pharmacology summary syndrome alkalosis classification curve dissociation
Pivot-Shift Test in ACL-deficient Knee This patient has pathologic varus alignment across the knee and a chronic
Pivot-Shift Test ... be performing a high-tibial ... dr.dold.md #Pivot #Shift ... #PivotShift #test
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 Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Increased Loss - Increased GI Loss - Increased Urinary
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Transcellular Shift ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Transcellular Shift ... Transcellular shifts ... #Hypokalemia #Differential ... nephrology #low #potassium
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Increased Intake • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Excretion (IV potassium ... Transcellular Shift ... Hyperkalemia #Nephrology #Differential
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC shift ... #hyperkalemia #differential ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #pharmacology #potassium
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower: • ↓ H+ (↑
Curve Left Shift ... Temperature Right Shift ... ↑ 2,3-BPG • High ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia: • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample! • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... TTKG should be high ... #Hyperkalemia #Differential ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Decreased renal potassium ... Drugs Increased potassium ... Normal, Renin High ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high ... #differential
Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
caused by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... transcellular shifts ... adapt to excess potassium ... #Hyperkalemia #Differential
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 Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... mmol creatinine) High ... hypokalemia #urine #potassium ... #differential #
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