272 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
tubule (PCT) - Reabsorption ... Isosmotic reabsorption ... Secretion and reabsorption ... organic acids and bases ... loop - Passive reabsorption
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Pharmacology of diuretics

Acetazolamide, Loop diuretics, Thiazide‐like diuretics, MRA, Amiloride

Site of Action, Maximum Dose, Half-Life, Onset, Bioavailability,
Bioavailability, Absorption ... #Pharmacology #Comparison
The Pathophysiology of Fat Absorption and Causes of Malabsorption (steatorrhoea)

#Fat #Malabsorption #Pathophysiology #Differential #Steatorrhea #Diarrhea #Diagnosis
Pathophysiology of Fat Absorption ... and Causes of Malabsorption
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... MGUS - Poor reabsorption ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 
1) Neurological event
2) Sodium loss from tubules
3) Naturiesis →
→ ADH → water reabsorption ... #hyponatremia #comparison
Causes of Hyperferritinemia - Differential Diagnosis
Ferritin > 1000
Ferritin is the storage form of iron. Increased hepcidin
Causes of Hyperferritinemia ... increased GI absorption ... Most Common Causes ... 1% Most Common Causes ... is an uncommon cause
Posterior chamber pathology comparison on Ocular POCUS:
- vitreous hemorrhage
- vitreous detachment
- retinal detachment

#Posterior #chamber #pathology #Ocular
chamber pathology comparison ... on Ocular POCUS ... pathology #Ocular #POCUS ... Detachment #Hemorrhage #Comparison
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA): refers to a group of conditions all of which cause the same
conditions all of which cause ... different types/causes ... Features #Table #Comparison