96 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... calcium)-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN syndromes) 

MEN I
• Hyperparathyroidism 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Possible ZE syndrome 
• Various
Neoplasias (MEN syndromes ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... MultipleEndocrineNeoplasia #Differential ... #Endocrinology
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
- Differential ... , Milk Alkali Syndrome ... , Viral Syndromes ... Granulomatous diseases ... #Differential #
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnosis ... Metastatic Bone Disease ... Granulomatous Disease ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Differential Diagnosis for ST Segment Elevations
 - ACUTE STEMI 
 - PULMONARY EMBOLISM 
 - LBBB
Differential Diagnosis ... ACUTE STEMI - PULMONARY ... BRUGADA SIGN (SYNDROME ... PERICARDITIS - HYPERKALEMIA ... REPOLARIZATION - HYPERCALCEMIA
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
Hypercalcemia - ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... toxicity • Paget's disease ... Granulomatous disease ... Electrocardiogram #Differential
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
Hypocalcemia Laboratory ... dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate ... Chronic kidney disease ... Hyperparathyroidism #Diagnosis #Endocrinology ... #Differential
Hypocalcemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Magnesium deficiency
 - Hypoparathyroidism 
 - Hypoalbuminemia (Pseudohypocalcemia)
 - Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia Differential ... chronic kidney disease ... ARUPConsult @ARUPLabs #Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #differential
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... granulomatous diseases ... Genetic: Williams syndrome ... VitaminD #causes #differential ... #diagnosis #endocrinology