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diagnosis differential nephrology algorithm hyperkalemia high insufficiency medications table classification hypomagnesemia magnesium management pharmacology potassium addisons chronic drugs hypermagnesemia hypocalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypermagnesemia Increased magnesium load - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... neonates) - Diabetic ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Mineralocorticoid deficiency, adrenal ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia Drugs - Amiloride - Spironolactone - Triamterene - Trimethoprim - Pentamidine -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... inhibitors Other causes ... Renin - Primary adrenal ... Low Renin - Diabetes ... #differential #causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid gland structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism • Parathyroid adenoma • Parathyroid hyperplasia • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... , adrenal, prostate ... Milk-alkali syndrome #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone–dependent Primary hyperparathyroidism Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Lithium-associated Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... thyrotoxicosis, adrenal ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
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 Drugs causing hyperkalemia • Impaired release of renin: NSAIDs, Beta blockers, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes, Elderly •
Drugs causing hyperkalemia ... Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes ... aldosterone mechanism: Adrenal ... Drospirenone #Drugs #hyperkalemia ... #medications #causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Elevated PTH (High or normal): • Primary Hyperparathyroidism • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Tumors: Lung, SCC, renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Causes of Fatigue - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Endocrine • Hypo/Hyperthyroidism • Diabetes • Pituitary Insufficiency • Adrenal
Causes of Fatigue ... Hyperthyroidism • Diabetes ... Insufficiency • Adrenal ... Liver Failure • Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Adrenal Insufficiency Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Clinical suspicion: Weakness, fatigue, nausea, musculoskeletal pain, dizziness, volume depletion, abdominal pain,
Adrenal Insufficiency ... Weakness, fatigue, nausea ... hyponatremia, hyperkalemia ... ACTH - Primary adrenal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Primary - Over-production • Increased turnover of nucleotides Primary
Hyperparathyroidism • Diabetic ... acidosis - Renal ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
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