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diagnosis differential algorithm hypokalemia low potassium hypernatremia sodium table hypomagnesemia magnesium management classification high polyuria treatment workup endocrinology hypomg medications
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... • Osmotic diuresis ... • Central diabetes ... • Nephrogenic diabetes ... #nephrology #sodium
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status Hypervolemic hypernatremia - CHF
and Features of Hyponatremia ... Hypervolemic hypernatremia ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... - Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... renal failure Hypervolemia ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
nephrotic syndrome • Hyponatremia ... • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
abnormalities - Hypercalcemia ... - Hypokalemia ... - Osmotic diuresis ... - Uncontrolled diabetes ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... (treatment of diabetic ... or induced) #Hypokalemia ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Defining the cause ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... #nephrology #potassium
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Excess Intake of Water: • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia") •
Causes of Polyuria ... a.k.a. osmotic diuresis ... Diabetes Insipidus ... Hereditary, Lithium, Hypercalcemia ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... • Euvolemic: Diabetes ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis GI losses / Insensible losses Sodium Overload Transcellular Movement of Water Central Diabetes Insipidus
Etiologies of Hypernatremia ... Water Central Diabetes ... disorders Nephrogenic Diabetes ... - Chronic hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
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