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diagnosis nephrology potassium high management table algorithm chronic comparison diuresis diuretics effects encephalopathy excretion facial hypernatremia hypertension indications k kidneydisease
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis GI losses / Insensible losses Sodium Overload Transcellular Movement of Water Central Diabetes Insipidus
Hypernatremia - Differential ... in kidneys) - Medications ... - Various renal ... diseases (e.g. renal ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... : • CKD • Poorly ... transfusion • HTN and edema ... Medications 2. ... diagnosis #causes
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
Causes of Chronic ... Kidney Disease - Differential ... ) • Multiple myeloma ... Hyperoxaluria • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperphosphatemia #CKD
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... : • CKD • Poorly ... transfusion • HTN and edema ... Medications 2. ... diagnosis #causes
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Etiology: • Medications ... VBG (acidosis), CK ... only if no clear cause ... STOP offending medications ... caution in HTN & edema
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... shift • Saline Causes ... edema and capsular ... • Saline May Cause ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis Approach (when evaluation should be done): 1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup and Differential ... disorders including hypokalemia ... disease: CKD, acute ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #indications
Facial Swelling - Differential Diagnosis Framework for Facial Edema Infectious: • Dental abscess • Ludwig's angina • Vincent's angina • Cellulitis •
Facial Swelling - Differential ... of acne Medications ... Subcutaneous emphysema Renal ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #PhysicalExam
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Immunosuppressive agents, Renal ... Blood transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Reversible course Differential ... Electrolyte abnormality, Medication ... the underlying cause
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